The objective was to compare the efficacy of RUTF (called RTUF in this study) and F100 in promoting weight gain in malnourished children. In an open-labeled, randomized trial, 70 severely malnourished Senegalese children aged 6-36 mo were randomly allocated to receive 3 meals containing either F100 (n = 35) or ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) (n = 35) in addition to the local diet. The average weight gains in the RUTF and F100 groups were 15.6 and 10.1 g per kg body wt, respectively. The difference in weight gain was greater in the most wasted children. The average duration of rehabilitation was 17.3 days in the F100 group and 13.4 days in the RUTF group. This study indicated that RUTF can be used efficiently for the rehabilitation of severely malnourished children.